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| c. 866 |
| | | The eastern part of the Persian empire comes under the control of the Saffarid dynasty | |
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| c. 900 |
| | | Zoroastrians migrate from Muslim Persia to India, where they become known as Parsees | |
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| 900 |
| | | The Samanids, replacing the Saffarids, transform their capital at Bukhara into a centre of Persian culture | |
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| 999 |
| | | Mahmud, a Turk, builds an empire based on Ghazni (in modern Afghanistan) | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | | Firdausi completes his great chronicle of Persian history, the Shah-nama, which becomes established as Iran's national epic | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1040 |
| | | The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan | |
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| c. 1080 |
| | | Omar Khayyám, mathematician and astronomer, writes four-line verses, or quatrains, in his spare time | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia | |
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